The characteristic sound of a drum or tambourine is formed by vibrating a membrane clamped over a sound box. Thus so-called ‘nodes’ and ‘antinodes’ are formed in the stretched skin. The vibration is strongest in the antinodes, while the skin is motionless in the nodes. The pattern of the ‘nodal lines’ can be made visible by scattering some fine sand on the vibrating membrane. The sand is simply withdrawn from the heavily moving antinodes into the motionless nodes. In this demonstration device, made by the instrument maker Rudolph Koenig, who worked in France, membranes of different materials could be clamped. Apart from pig's bladder, Koenig used also paper, rubber and vegetable materials.