An electroscope is meant for establishing an electric charge. The apparatus was designed in the 18th century. A charge applied at the top will spread over the conductor. Because similar charges repulse each other, the leaves will move apart.
This very sensitive version was invented by the French physicist Jean Claude Eugène Péclet (1793-1857) in 1841. In order to double the applied charge several times, he made use of the principle of electric influence (attraction of charge at a distance). In this way very small charges can be established. The deflection of the leaves can be read from a scale at the other side through a small hole. However, the procedure to be followed is very susceptible to errors.
Gold leaf electroscope, after Péclet
1866